ITA | ENG
B006521 - FLUIDS/THERMODYNAMICS/STATISTICS
Main information
Teaching Language
Course Content
Suggested readings
Learning Objectives
Prerequisites
Teaching Methods
Further information
Type of Assessment
Course program
Academic Year 2011-12
Course year
Second year -
Belonging Department
Physics and Astronomy
Course Type
Single education field course
Scientific Area
FIS/01 - EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS
Credits
9
Teaching Hours
80
Teaching Term
⇒
Attendance required
No
Type of Evaluation
Final Grade
Course Content
show
Course program
show
Lectureship
Mutuality
Course teached as:
B015853 - FLUIDI/TERMODINAMICA/STATISTICA
3-years First Cycle Degree (DM 270/04) in PHYSICS AND ASTROPHYSICS
B015853 - FLUIDI/TERMODINAMICA/STATISTICA
3-years First Cycle Degree (DM 270/04) in PHYSICS AND ASTROPHYSICS
Teaching Language
Italian
Course Content
Fluid Statics. Surface phenomena. Fluid kinematics and dynamics. Bernoulli's theorem. Pressure and gravity waves. Non-ideal fluids. Viscosity. Poiseuille law. Turbulent motion.
Temperature measurements. Perfect gas law. Real gases. Kinetic theory. Calorimeters. Transmission of heat. First and second principle. Adiabatic transformations. Carnot cycle. Entropy. Enthalpy and thermodynamic potentials.
H-Theorem. Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. Classical statistical ensembles. Quantum statistics.
Temperature measurements. Perfect gas law. Real gases. Kinetic theory. Calorimeters. Transmission of heat. First and second principle. Adiabatic transformations. Carnot cycle. Entropy. Enthalpy and thermodynamic potentials.
H-Theorem. Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. Classical statistical ensembles. Quantum statistics.
Suggested readings (Search our library's catalogue)
The notes of the lectures, written by Prof. E. Landi Degl’Innocenti, are available in the form of three booklets:
“Elementi di Meccanica dei Fluidi”,
“Elementi di Termodinamica”, and
“Elementi di Statistica".
“Elementi di Meccanica dei Fluidi”,
“Elementi di Termodinamica”, and
“Elementi di Statistica".
Learning Objectives
Fundamental knowledge in fluidodynamics, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. Basic competences of the physiscist relatively to classical physiscs. Skills in solving numerical problems of physics, in identifying the essential elements of a physical process, in working out physical models and verifying their validity, in guessing structural analogies among different phenomenological scenarios.
Prerequisites
Recommmended courses: Matemathical Analyisis I
Teaching Methods
72 hours of lecturing,
36 hours of exercises.
36 hours of exercises.
Further information
Students can consult the teacher on Tuesdays from 12:30 tro 13:30
Type of Assessment
Oral test
Course program
FLUID MECHANICS
Difference beetween solid and fluid substances. Fluid Statics. Surface and volume forces. Concept of pressure. Pascal principle. The fundamental law of hydrostatic. Differences between liquids and gases. Compressibility coefficient. Variation of the pressure with height. Torricelli experiment. Unit of measurement of pressure. Archimede's principle. Center of buoyancy. Flotation and flotation stability. Surface and capillarity phenomena. Surface tension. Cohesion and adhesion forces. Tate and Jurin laws. Fluid kinematics. Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions. Eulerian derivative. Advection term. Continuity equation. Leonardo's principle. Flux lines and flux tubes. Massic and volumetric flow rate. The fundamental law of hydrodynamics for ideal fluids. Bernoulli theorem for a liquid and for a compressibile fluid. Piezometric height and height of stop. Torricelli theorem. Applications of the Bernoulli theorem: Venturi tube and Pitot tube. Pressure waves. Concept of deformation. Sound velocity. Frequency and angular frequency, wavenumber, wavelenght, phase. Outline on gravity waves (surface waves). Dispersion relation for gravity waves. Dynamics of non-ideal fluids. Dynamic viscosity and kinematic viscosity. Newton formula. The fundamental law of non-ideal fluid hydrodynamics. Poiseuille law. Turbulent motion. Reynolds number. Drag force. Aeodynamic lift. Magnus effect.
THERMODYNAMICS
Historical introduction to the concept of temperature. Thermal expansion of physical bodies. Freezing and melting points. Thermometric substances. Scales of temperature. The principle zero of thermodynamics. Concept of thermal equilibrium. Gases laws (Boyle, Gay-Lussac, Dalton, and Avogadro laws, the perfect gas law). The perfect gas thermometer. Behavior of real gases. Concepts of critical temperature, critical pressure and critical volume. Liquid phase, vapor phase and saturated vapor phase. Van der Waals equation. Co-volume and the constant of internal pressure. Introduction to the kinetic theory of the gases. The clausius model. Mean quadratic velocity. Heat quantity. Calorimeters. Specific heat and latent heat. The Joule heat apparatus. Mechanical equivalent of the calorie. The transmission of heat. Conduction. Concept of thermal conductivity. Fourier postulate. The equation of heat diffusion. Convection. Newton Formula. Black body radiation. Planck law and Stefan law. Equivalence between heat and work. The first principle of thermodynamics. Concept of internal energy. Illustrations of the first principle. Work of a gas. Formula for the expansion of a perfect gas. Specific heats of gases. Constant-volume and constant-pressure specific heats and their relationship. Adiabatic transformations. Laws for the adiabatic of a perfect gas. The second principle of thermodynamics. Heat engines and their efficiency. The Carnot theorem. Carnot Cycle. Thermodynamic definition of temperature. The Clausius inequality. Definition of entropy. Illustrations of the concept of entropy. Consequences of the first and of the second principle: the internal energy equation and the TdS equation. Clayperon equation. The statistical meaning of entropy. Concept of thermodynamical probability. The Boltzmann equation. Enthalpy and thermodynamic potentials. Thermodynamic cycles (Rankine, Otto, and Diesel cycles). Refrigerating engines and heat pumps.
STATISTICAL MECHANICS
Virial theorem. Maxwellian distribution of velocities. Mean free path. Poisson distribution. Distribution of the distances among particles. Transport phenomena. Random-walk. Brownian motion. Desorder and its measurement. H-theorem. General laws of Statistical Thermodynamics. Gibbs ditribution. Fluctuations. Systems of identical particles: Boltzmann equation. Equipartition of energy. Entropy of the perfect gas. Statistics of open thermodynamical systems. Quantum Statistics.
Difference beetween solid and fluid substances. Fluid Statics. Surface and volume forces. Concept of pressure. Pascal principle. The fundamental law of hydrostatic. Differences between liquids and gases. Compressibility coefficient. Variation of the pressure with height. Torricelli experiment. Unit of measurement of pressure. Archimede's principle. Center of buoyancy. Flotation and flotation stability. Surface and capillarity phenomena. Surface tension. Cohesion and adhesion forces. Tate and Jurin laws. Fluid kinematics. Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions. Eulerian derivative. Advection term. Continuity equation. Leonardo's principle. Flux lines and flux tubes. Massic and volumetric flow rate. The fundamental law of hydrodynamics for ideal fluids. Bernoulli theorem for a liquid and for a compressibile fluid. Piezometric height and height of stop. Torricelli theorem. Applications of the Bernoulli theorem: Venturi tube and Pitot tube. Pressure waves. Concept of deformation. Sound velocity. Frequency and angular frequency, wavenumber, wavelenght, phase. Outline on gravity waves (surface waves). Dispersion relation for gravity waves. Dynamics of non-ideal fluids. Dynamic viscosity and kinematic viscosity. Newton formula. The fundamental law of non-ideal fluid hydrodynamics. Poiseuille law. Turbulent motion. Reynolds number. Drag force. Aeodynamic lift. Magnus effect.
THERMODYNAMICS
Historical introduction to the concept of temperature. Thermal expansion of physical bodies. Freezing and melting points. Thermometric substances. Scales of temperature. The principle zero of thermodynamics. Concept of thermal equilibrium. Gases laws (Boyle, Gay-Lussac, Dalton, and Avogadro laws, the perfect gas law). The perfect gas thermometer. Behavior of real gases. Concepts of critical temperature, critical pressure and critical volume. Liquid phase, vapor phase and saturated vapor phase. Van der Waals equation. Co-volume and the constant of internal pressure. Introduction to the kinetic theory of the gases. The clausius model. Mean quadratic velocity. Heat quantity. Calorimeters. Specific heat and latent heat. The Joule heat apparatus. Mechanical equivalent of the calorie. The transmission of heat. Conduction. Concept of thermal conductivity. Fourier postulate. The equation of heat diffusion. Convection. Newton Formula. Black body radiation. Planck law and Stefan law. Equivalence between heat and work. The first principle of thermodynamics. Concept of internal energy. Illustrations of the first principle. Work of a gas. Formula for the expansion of a perfect gas. Specific heats of gases. Constant-volume and constant-pressure specific heats and their relationship. Adiabatic transformations. Laws for the adiabatic of a perfect gas. The second principle of thermodynamics. Heat engines and their efficiency. The Carnot theorem. Carnot Cycle. Thermodynamic definition of temperature. The Clausius inequality. Definition of entropy. Illustrations of the concept of entropy. Consequences of the first and of the second principle: the internal energy equation and the TdS equation. Clayperon equation. The statistical meaning of entropy. Concept of thermodynamical probability. The Boltzmann equation. Enthalpy and thermodynamic potentials. Thermodynamic cycles (Rankine, Otto, and Diesel cycles). Refrigerating engines and heat pumps.
STATISTICAL MECHANICS
Virial theorem. Maxwellian distribution of velocities. Mean free path. Poisson distribution. Distribution of the distances among particles. Transport phenomena. Random-walk. Brownian motion. Desorder and its measurement. H-theorem. General laws of Statistical Thermodynamics. Gibbs ditribution. Fluctuations. Systems of identical particles: Boltzmann equation. Equipartition of energy. Entropy of the perfect gas. Statistics of open thermodynamical systems. Quantum Statistics.